THE DANUBE.
993
over the hole in the top of a cooking range. Utensils of this kind were in use long before his invention, and the state of the art shows that many of them opened in a plane parallel to the axis upon which they turned. Some of them have a hook on the end of one part of the divided journal, formed by a nob and a notch, to receive a corresponding hook to fasten them together, and to allow them to move when the two parts were opened. One was reversible, not revolving, but was provided with a square-heeled hinge on the side opposite the handle, so that the halves could be opened. All of them have a hinge joint, a device on which the divided parts turn, but not joined together. The complainant's expert says the purpose of the invention involving the first and second claims was to construct a waffle iron that should open in a plane parallel with the axis on which the pan turns, and he says this was new and valuable; and he further says that the essence of the invention-the substantive feature-was bringing the hinge and the pivot or axis of the pan into a given line. He admits that bivalvous gridirons, revolving in their bearings by an arrangement similar to a waffle iron, were old, but that they were not hinged together, and were not waffle irons, except E. J. Smith's patent for cakes. These old divided griddles certainly opened in a plane parallel to the axis upon which the pan revolves, and, unless the complainant is entitled to claim all sorts of hinges joining the two parts of the griddle, under the invention of a novel construction of a hinge described in the specification, the defendants do not infringe. In view of the state of the art, and looking at the specification of the patent, the complainant is only entitled, in my opinion, to claim the peculiar combination and construction of a hinge formed with the journal and novel construction and arrangement of the socket described therein. 'rhe defendants do not use such novel construction of the hinge and socket described in the complainant's patent, and therefore do not infringe the claims as charged. Decree dismissing the bill, with costs, is ordered. TRBJ DANUBE. UNITED STATES v. 'l'HE DANUBE et al. (District Court, D. Oregon. May 12, 1883.) No. 3,306. SHIPPING-E.\1IGRANT PASSENGERS-CONTIGUOUS TEHHlTORY.
Under the act of congress of August 2, 1882, prohibiting the carrying of "emigrant passengers" from any port or place in a foreign country, except ports and places "in foreign territory contiguous to the United States." unlesstne spaces and accommodations therein mentioned be provided, Vanom'er's island, B. C., is territory contiguous to the United States, and the transportation of passengers therefrom to Astoria, Or., is within the exception.
In Admiralty. Action by the United States against the steamship Danube and 'William Meyers, her master, for penalties for a v .55F.no. \:)-63
FEDERAL REPORTER,
vol. 55.
of congress .1;() regulate the ' carriage of pasviolation sengersby sea. On to the libel. Exceptions allowed. Franklin P. Mays, for libelant. Cyrus A. Dolph andE. C. Hughes, for claimant. BELLINGER, District Judge. Thil;! is an action by the United States for penalties aggregating $19,660 for a violation of the provis.ions of the act of August 2, 1882, to regulate the carriage of by sea. Ohapter 374, Supp. Rev. St. The libel alleges: ··'.rhat on the - - day of· March, 1893, the steamship The Empress of .Japan left Hong Kong, .China, with, among other ,passengers, about 630 destined for Portland, Oregon. That said vessel, about thp - day of May, 1893, arrived at Vancouver's island, B. C., and there said Chinese passengers .Were ordered and placed in quarantine on said island, and so remained in· quarantine for twenty-one days, at the end of which time 612 of said Chinese were placed upon the steamship Danube, one of the defendants above named, and of which the other defendant above named, William Meyers, was the master. That, after said Chinamen were so placed on said steamship Danube, the said master proceeded at once with said vessel, by way of Astoria, Oregon, to Portland, Oregon, where said vessel was seized as aforesaid. That all of said 612 Chinamen were so carried on said steamship Danube from said Vancouver's island into the United States by way of Astoria, Oregon, and that none of said 612 Chinamen were cabin passengers. That the entire space upon said vessel which was subject to be or could be used for and by said 612 Chinamen, was 32,5R8 cubic feet, of which 14,617 cubic feet was on the first deck below the main deck, and 17,471 cubic feet was on the second deck below the main deck; in which aggregate space was also placed a large amount of baggage of said Chinamen. That all of said Chinamen were above the age of twelve years. That by reason of all and singular the premises aforesaid, and by force of the statute in such case made' and provided, the said vessel on the said trip carried 312 Chinamen in. excess of the number which she was entitled to carry, and the said master and vessel became and are each liable to a penalty of $50 for each of said 312 persons, and said steamship Danube thereby becam and was and is holden for such aggregate penalty of $15,600,"
The libel alleges as further violations of the provisions of act in question that such steamship was without berths, for use by such passengers; that it did not have adequate provisions for affording light and air to such passengers; that the master provided neither tables nOr seats for their use; and that there were no hospital compa,rtments or surgeon or medical practitioner provided during such trip from Vancouver's island to Astoria. To this libel ,Villiam Meyers, claimant, excepts, upon the ground that it affirmatively appears that the passengers taken on the steamer Danube were so taken at a foreign port or territory contiguous to the United States, and that the case is therefore within t.he provision that exc,epts transportation of passengers from such ports from the operation of the act. The language of the act is: "That it shall not be lawful for the master of a steamship or other vessel ·whereon emigrant passengers, or passengers other. than cabin passengers, have been taken at any port or place in a foreign country or dominion, (ports and places in foreign territory contiguous to the United States excepted,) to bring such vessels and passengers to aJiy p6l't or place in the United States unless the compartments,spaces, and accommodations. hereinafter mentioned have been provided," etc.
995
The question, therefore, is whether .. Vancouver's Island is territory contiguous to the United States. The word "territory," as generally used, describes a jurisdiction,--:adistrict of country. trhus we speak of the territories of the United States, of the Northwest territory, of the territory of Alaska. The word refers to a jurisdiction. It is not limited, when speaking of any particular district as "territory," to the line of high-water mark along the shores of navigable rivers or bays or straits. The territory of a jurisdiction or country extends to its boundaries. It describes the possessions of a country. The straits of Ros-ario, the waters of Puget sound, are American territory. The treaty of 1846 between Great Britain and the United States, and the protocol of a conference of the representatives of the two governments held on March 10, 1873, define a precise boundary line between the possessions of the two governments in respect. to the point in ques· tion. .There had, prior to this conference, been disagreement as to whether the boundary ran through the Rosario straits, as olaimed by Great Britain, or to the west through the Canal de Haro, as claimed by the United States. The dispnte having been submitted to the arbitrament of the emperor of Germany, and his award being favorable to the latter claim, the line was laid down accordingly in the protocol referred to. By this agreement Rosario strait,s became American "territory," the line of which was located substantiallv in the middle of the channel of the Canal de Hal'O and the Straits of Fuca. The word "territory," when used to define the possessions of the two countries, must be understood as extending to this boundary, and these possessions as contiguous territory, within the meaning of the law. The reason for this legislation is obvious. It was to guard against the mischief of overcrowding emigrant passengers. The act is restricted to "emigrant passengers," or, what amounts to the same thing, "passengers other than cabin passengers." It is common knowledge that the great bulk of emi!,'l'ant travel from foreign territory is transatlantic. The conditions of this travel are such that emigrant passengers are exposed to the danger of overcrowding,-a danger. that is aggravated by the length of the voyage, !but that does not exist with reference to short and coastwise lines of travel. Section 12 extends the provisions of the act to vessels whereon passengers are taken on board at any port or place "of the United States on the Atlantic ocean or its tributaries for conveyance to a port or place on the Pacific ocean or its tributaries, or vice versa, and whether the voyage of said vessel is to be continuous from port to port, or such passengers are to be conveyed from port to port in part by way of any overland route through Mexico or Central America." Under this provision protection is afforded to passengers by water routes between American ports on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. So the question of jurisdiction was not a controlling consideration with the framers of this law. It is not important that ventilation and bunks and hospital stores and medical practitioners be provided
[)96
FEDERALREP6RTER,
for the voyage of 10 miles front Victoria to Port Angeles or Port Townsend,' .but these are . important . provisions for passengers sa;ilin&,' from New Yorlr for San Francisco or Portland via the ij;lth,rnus or otherwise. This is a carriage of passengers to this port from a foreign territory contiguous to the United States, and belongs to the class of cases excepted from the statute. The exceptions to the libel are allowed.
HINE et al. v. PERKINS et al. (Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. ;.\lay 23, 1893.)
1.
SnIPPING-DE MURHAGE-PROVIDING BERTH.
A, chartered vessel reached the port of New York, and proceedpd to the designated pier, at 8 A. M., December 10th, but finding the berth occupied, she sought an anchorage. The charterers were notified by 11 A. M. that she would be ready to unload at 7 A. M. the next day. Early in the morning, December 11th, she proeeeded to the pier, and, finding the berth still occupied, she went back to her anchorage. The berth was ready for her by 11 A. M., but she did not return until evening. and commenced to unload on the 12th. Held that, as the charterers provide(l a berth within 24 hours after notice of arrival, they were not liable for the delay. 50 :B'ed. Rep. 434, affirmed.
2.
SAME-WANT OF DISPATCH IN UNLOADING.
A charter party provided that the vessel should "discharge as fast as she can deliver in ordinary working hours; any lighterage at port of discharge to be at charterers' risk and expense; vessel to provide sufficient steam to run all cargo winches at one and the same time." The vpssel had four hatches from which she could discharge, but was sent to piers where she could u;;e but three, at most. Hela, that she was entitled to discharge from all four, [md the charterers were liable for the delay caused by discharging from The Glenfinlas, 1 C. C. A. 85, 48 Fed. Rep. 758, distinguished. 50 Fed. Rep. 434, reversed.
Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. In Admiralty. This was a libel by Wilfred Hine and another against James D. Perkins and another, which was dismissed, in part, by the lower court, and a decree entered in favor of the libelants as to the residue. Libelants appeal. Reversed. J. P. Kirlin, for appellants. Chas. E. Souther, for appellees. Before ,WALLACE and LACOl\fBE,Circuit Judges. LACOMBE, Circuit Judge. The libel was filed by the owners of the British steamship :Netherholme to recover dmna <..>;es fijI' breach of a charter party made at New York October 7, 1890. The breach complained of was a failure to provide facilities for discharging, whereby demurrage was incurred, and certain expenses were, entailed. The libel, as amended at the trial, claimed, upon both causes of action, $1,547.70. A decree was entered in favor of the libelants for the extra expense, amounting to $191.64, and as to the claim for demurrage the libel was dismissed.