888
FEDERAL REPORTER.
as a party. Barney v. Latham, 103 U. S. 205. But, were this not so, it is clear that if the city is a proper party, hel' attitude is such that, under the rule laid down in the Removal Ca,ses, 100 U. S, 457, she must, although a defendant, be regarded as on the side of the state in the latter's controversy with the railroad company. The parties being so arranged, the railroad company is the only defendant on the opposite side from the state, and. the non-joinder of the city in the petition for removal did not deprive the company of the right under the statute to remove the cause. It was stated on the argument that the United States attorney for this district would hereafter enter the appearance of the United States. But it is not contended that the right of removal can be affected by the fact that the government is made a defendant. It mlty be proper to say that I am unaware of any authority in any officer of the United States to enter the appearance of the government as a defendant in this cause. But upon that point I make no decision at this time. For the reasons stated, the court is of the opinion that this cause is properly on its docket, and that the motion to remand must be denied. Counsel will see that the proper order is entered. In view of the large interest8 to be affected by the final determination of this cause, and especially because a state is a party, I deemed it proper to confer with the circuit and district judges upon the question of jurisdietion; and I am authorized to say that they concur with me in holding that the suit is removable under the statute. See Cruikshank v. Fourth Nat. Bank, inlraj Myers v, Union Pac. Ry. Co., ante, 292; State v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co., ante, 706; Ellis v. Norton, ante, 4
CRUIKSHANK
v.
FOURTH NAT. BANK.
(Oircuit Oourt, S. D, New York.
25, 1883.)
REMOVAL OF CAUSE-ACT OF MARCH 3,1875, § 2-COUPOllATlON CREATED BY ACT OF CoNGRESS-SUIT ARISING UNDER LAWS OF UNITED STATES.
A suit by or against a corporation created by an act of congress, is a suit arising under the laws of the United States, within the meaning of section 2 of the act of 1875, and may be removed from a state court
Motion to Remand Cause. W. H. Field, for complainant. Bristow, Peet d: Opdyke, for defendant.
FOURTH NA.T. BANK.
889
WALLACE, J. The right of the defendant, aa a corporation created by the laws of congress, to remove a suit brought against it in a state court, is clearly conferred by section 2 of the removal act of 1875, if such a suit is one arising under the laws of the United States. . That section is very comprehensive, and among the new provisions which it introduces is that which authorizes the removal of suits of the circuit courts arising under the constitution and laws of the United States, irrespective of the citizenship of the parties. If the to explore presuit is one of this character it is vious enactments in order to ascertain what rights of removal had been granted or withheld, because the language employed is clear, and explicit, and the whole subject of removals was under consideration by congress. In conferring the right upon either party to remove a suit into the circuit court "arising under the constitution or laws of the United States," the section employs the language of the constitution, which defines the extent of the judicial power of the United States, and lodges it in the supreme court and such inferior courts as congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The evident purpose of the section was to confer the right of removal upon litigants to the full measure of the constitutional grant of power. In the language of the court in Taylor v. Rockfellar, 18 Amer. Law Reg. (N. S.) 298, "it seems to have been intended to confer on the circuit courts all the jurisdiction which, under the constitution, it was in the power of congress to bestow." What is meant by a, case arising under the laws of the United States, as expressed in the constitution, has not been doubtful since the case of Osborn v. Ba.nk of U. S. 9 Wheat. 738. It was there decided that any suit in which a law of congress was of necessity an ingredient in the case, was a case arising under a law of the United States, notwithstanding the main controversy might depend altogether on questions unconnected with any such law. Accordingly, it was determined that any brought by a corporation created by congress was one arising under the laws of the United States, although the questions upon which its decision might depend were to be solved by the general principles of common law or equity, because the law of congress which created the corporation, and bestowed upon it all the faculties and capacities which it possessed, was of necessity an ingredient in the case. In the language of Chief Justice MARSHALL, "every act of the bank arises out of this law."
890 FED. REP.
rBDEBAL nXPORTE&
It was decided by this court in Union Pac. R. Co. v. McComb, t 799, that a suit by a. corporation created by act of congress is a suit arising under the laws of the United States, within the meaning of section 2 of the removal act of 1875. A suit brought against such a corporation must fall within the same category. Every act of such a corporation derives its legal complexion and attributes from the law which creates it, and endows it with the faculty of acquiring rights and committing wrongs. A suit cannot be maintained against it without invoking the law of congress. The cases of Pettilon v. Noble, 7 Biss. 449, and Wilder v. Union Nat. Bank, 12 Chi. Leg. News, 84, holding that a national banking association cannot remove a suit brought against it in a state court, notwithstanding the section inqllestion, have not been overlooked. Great respect is due to these judgments, but it is believed they are not a correct exposition of the section. The motion to remand is denied. See Myers v. Union Pac. RlI. 00., ante, 297, and State v. nZinoil Cent. B. 00., ante,8Sl, and note.
Ol1AOmTA
&
MISSISSIPPJ RIVEn PAOKET
Co.
11.
AmEN, Adm'x,
etc., an,d others.· (Circuit Oourt, E. D. Louisiana. May 31,,1883.) L .JURISDICTION OF CIRCUIT COURT-CITIZENSHIP-ACT OF 1875. Where all of the defendants are citizens of the state where suit is brought, and of the complainants some are citizens of that state and some are citizens of other states, the jurisdiction of the circuit court over the case cannot rest upon the citizenship of the parties. 2. CONSTITUTIONAL J,AW-WHARFAGE-ToNNAGE. The exaction of wharfage is not the laying of a duty of tonnage, and where an ordinance requires steam-boats and other water-craft to pay for the use of the wharfs, and no demand is made for entering, loading, or lying in the harbor or port, such charges will not be considered as a duty of tonnage, but as wharfage. S. SAME-REGULATION OF COMMERCE-POWER OF STATES. State action upon such subjects as are not national, but local, and limited in their nature, such as harbor pilotage, beacons, buoys, etc., can constitute no interference with the commercial power of congress, for when congress acts the state authority is suspended. Inaction of congress upon subjects of a local nature or operation is not to be taken as a declaration that nothinK should be done with respect to them, but is rather to be deemed a declaration that, for the time being, until it sees fit to act, they may be regulated by state authority.
*Affirmed. See 7 Sup. Ct. Rep. 907.